Basic requirements



Steps to writing a research essay


1. Choose a topic (Oct 4)


What are the effects of earthquakes?


  • The following are some sample research topics. You can choose from this list or come up with your own topics:

  • Cause and Effect
    • What are the effects of marketing on children and teenagers?
    • What are the effects of the illiteracy in (choose a country)?
    • What are the causes of water pollution?
    • What are the causes of the water crisis in the world?
    • What are the effects of immigration on a country?
    • What are the causes or the effects of earthquakes?
    • What are the causes or the effects of wars?
    • What are the effects of Olympics on a country?
    • What are the causes or effects of animal extinction?

  • Compare and Contrast
    • Two kinds of technology (i.e., electronic books and paper books)
    • Internet ads vs traditional form of advertisements (TV ads)
    • Compare two kinds of marketing techniques (direct marketing or undercover marketing)
    • The education systems in two countries
    • The situation of child soldiers in different countries
    • Two wars
    • Bottled water vs tap water
    • Genetic engineered vs organic food
    • Family structure in different societies

2. Post a working outline (2%) Oct 5



Thesis:
Social impacts, economic impacts, environmental impacts are the main effects of the earthquake.
v Social impacts on human life
  • o There is vast casualties of life and property.
  • o increasing spread a lot of diseases and the number of displaced
v Economic impacts on countries economy
  • o The harm Causing for countries economy because the spread of poverty, unemployment and a food crisis
v environmental impacts on landscape
  • o The elimination of agricultural soil and water pollution are the biggest damage that can occur on the environment.

3. Find keywords (1%) Oct 5



  • Earthquake
    Social
    economic
    business
    environmental
    unemployment
    casualties
    agricultural
    diseases
    elimination
    pollution
    poverty

    tsunami
    crisis
    shaking



4. Find and evaluate 2-3 web sources (3%) Oct 9



a. Provide the referencesAuthor, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from www.WebAddress.com

b. Explain why the sources are reliable based on the criteria -
  • authority (Who is the author? Is it a government, education, or business website?)
  • accuracy (Is the information accurate? How do you know?)
  • objectivity (Is the information free of bias? How do you know?)
  • currency (Is the website up-to-date?)
  • coverage (How is the information related to your research topic? How are you going to use it for your research paper?


1- U.S. Geological Survey. (July 18, 2012). Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900. Retrieved from http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php

Because this website is government website, it is reliable. Also, it contains Statistical from of the U.S. government. I use this website to support the first example in the main idea 1 and the last edited for it in July 18, 2012.

2- United Press International.(April 26, 2011). Japan quake victims face health issues. Retrieved from http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/26/Japan-quake-victims-face-health-issues/UPI-25961303817785/


Because this website show the international news, it is reliable, Also, it describe report from many experts which were in japan at that time. I use this website to support the second example of main idea 1.



3- Tsukimori, O. & White, S. (2011). "BoJ pledges support; Toyota halts output". Financial Post . Retrieved from http://www.financialpost.com/news/pledges+support+Toyota+halts+output/4426436/story.html..


Because this website show the international news, it is reliable, Also, it describe the economic situation in japan at that time. I use this website to support the first example of main idea 2.


4- Martin, A. (2011). Farmers struggle amid tsunami aftermath. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20110408f2.html

Because this website show the international news in Japan, it is reliable, Also, it wrote by Martin who stuff writer in this website and describe report from many people which were in
Miyagi at that time. I use this website to support the second example of main idea 2.


5- UPSeis. (2007). What Are Earthquake Hazards. Retrieved from http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/hazards.html

Because this website is educational website, it is reliable. Also, it talks about the earthquake hazards . I use this website to support the last main idea and the last edited for it in 2007.

6- IUCN Field Mission Report.(October 16-18, 2005). Preliminary Environmental Assessment of the Earthquake in Pakistan. Retrieved from
http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pk_eq_rea.pdf

In this report the Field Mission described that Landslides, Mudslides and Flashfloods occurred in Pakistan and they wrote statistical the rate of damage. I use this report to support the example of the last main idea.


5. Find 2 academic sources from Google Scholar (2%) Oct 10



E. Y. Y. Chan, Y. Gao, and S. M. Griffiths.(2010). Public Health. Literature review of health impact post-earthquakes in China 1906–2007, 32 (1), 52-61. Retrieved from
http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/1/52.full?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=earthquake&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT



a. Provide the reference here. Based on your research, revise your outline.
b. Explain how you are going to use the research articles for your research paper

6. Revise your outline (2%) Oct 12


  • You may have to delete some points that you can't find any information to support; you may add some new points.
  • Provide in-text citations for your points


Outline
ü Thesis:

Social impacts, economic impacts, environmental impacts are the main effects of the earthquake.
1- Social impacts on human life
  • There are vast casualties of life and property.
  • Increasing spread a lot of diseases and the number of displaced
  • For example, the earthquakes which occurs in Turkey and Japan have effects on human life
2- Economic impacts on countries economy
  • The harm Causing for countries economy because the spread of poverty, unemployment and a food crisis
  • For example, the economic change that was in Miyagi after the earthquake was occurring.
3- Environmental impacts on landscape
  • The elimination of agricultural soil and water pollution are the biggest damage that can occur on the environment.
  • For example, the earthquake which occurs in Pakistan has effects on soil and environment.

ü In conclusion:

In conclusion, earthquake deaths and destruction to buildings are the most effects on human life and ecological life in common areas of earthquakes. The point to be emphasized is that strengthen buildings for along the lines of earthquakes, train highly qualified teams on rescue work, and establish international cooperation in cases of major disasters are important factors that might help in reducing seriousness of the effects of earthquakes.



7. Write and edit your draft (90%) Oct 15-19



What are the effects of earthquakes?
The earthquakes are the most forces of nature destruction which occur on the land or in the water, or both from time to time because of the contractions in the earth's crust, and the instability of its interior. There is an obvious effect that the earthquakes help people to plant seeds and increase the speed of its growth rate because they constitute the earth's surface and provide people the precious metals out of the ground. Although all these are benefits, the earthquakes have devastating effects on people and businesses. The rate of the earthquake's danger is determined by varying degrees of shaking earthquakes that may be occurring weakly which is difficult to sense or strongly which cause the biggest losses in built-up areas. Social impacts, and economic impacts and environmental impacts are the most significant impacts resulting from earthquakes.
First, loss of human life is the most calamitous effect which can result from the earthquakes. When the earthquakes occur, many buildings fall and a lot of fires start. As a result the number of people who are near to collapsing buildings, fires or mudslide increase. Furthermore, there are many people who are killed instantly and others become trapped under falling debris. For instance, at least 17,118 people who lived in the earthquake zone are died in Turkey. Furthermore, nearly 50,000 injured and many thousands were missing (U.S.Geological Survey, 2012). Consequently, earthquakes have the biggest effects on the lives of individuals. In addition to the effects on the lives of individuals and general property damage for road and bridge, earthquakes lead to emergence a lot of diseases due to the lack of basic necessities such as clean water and medical equipment that can Increase the number of casualties during the absence of regular checkups. For example, in Japan, many experts' survivors of the earthquake suffered from a lot of medical issues because a lot of casualties Injured by ulcers, high blood pressure and respiratory pneumonia while the absence of medical facilities and food shortages and power outages. Also, earthquakes have psychological effects on people such as depression and neurosis because people don't get enough sleep due to mental stress
(United Press International, 2011).
Second, in the quake-hit country, the economy exposes to a great decline due to the necessity of the country to pay a lot of money to rebuild the buildings such as companies, hospitals and factories once again. For instance, Miyagi has been affected economically after its hit to earthquakes. The loss that was estimated to re-repair the damage was nearly 300,000 billion. Also, the economic situation was deteriorated due to stopping working of factories and businesses and the lack of electric power especially in the area that contains many auto factories and nuclear power plants. As a result, destruction of installations and the stoppage of work led to increase the number of unemployed which made the unemployment another impact indirectly on economic (Tsukimori & White, 2011). Furthermore, the region had a crisis in the food and agricultural crops due to the fires and floods that caused by the earthquakes in 23,600 hectares of agricultural lands especially those farms which were responsible for the production of rice in the country (Martin, 2011).
Third, ground shaking is the main earthquake hazard that has a significant effect on the earth's crust which causes a lot of cracks, landslides and mudslides, and directly affects environmental life for humans and animals. This causes the emergence of some environmental problems such as floods and water pollution due to the mudslides and increasing the area of harmful waste. Furthermore, some areas suffered from air pollution because of the fires which are resulting from the broken gas lines and power lines after the earthquake (UPSeis, 2007). For example, in 2005, Pakistan was hit by earthquake which had a great damage on the Earth's crust and a negative impact on agriculture, pastures, and irrigation systems and eventually on the water. Also, some rivers such as the Congo River were affected by sedimentation and floods due to the collapse of soil which caused the increasing in the rate of water turbidity that had negative effects on the lives of fish in the river. Due to the presence of great difficulty in getting rid of the remnants of the destroyed buildings, and hazardous chemical waste resulting from the destruction of factories and hospitals, the contaminated land was increased which had a significant threat on health and the environment for the Pakistani victims (IUCN Field Mission Report, 2005).
In conclusion, earthquake deaths and destruction to buildings are the most effects on human life and ecological life in common areas of earthquakes. The point to be emphasized is that strengthen buildings for along the lines of earthquakes, train highly qualified teams on rescue work, and establish international cooperation in cases of major disasters are important factors that might help in reducing seriousness of the effects of earthquakes.

References
- IUCN Field Mission Report.(October 16-18, 2005). Preliminary Environmental Assessment of the Earthquake in Pakistan. Retrieved from http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pk_eq_rea.pdf
- Martin, A. (2011). Farmers struggle amid tsunami aftermath. The Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20110408f2.html
- Tsukimori, O. & White, S. (2011). "BoJ pledges support; Toyota halts output". Financial Post . Retrieved from http://www.financialpost.com/news/pledges+support+Toyota+halts+output/4426436/story.html..
- U.S. Geological Survey. (July 18, 2012). Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900. Retrieved from http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php
- United Press International.(April 26, 2011). Japan quake victims face health issues. Retrieved from http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/26/Japan-quake-victims-face-health-issues/UPI-25961303817785/
- UPSeis. (2007). What Are Earthquake Hazards. Retrieved from

http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/hazards.html



Summary

In this research paper Hind explains that there are three main effects of the earthquakes: the social, economic and environmental impact. At first, she mentioned the social impact that is represented for many problems such as: loss of human life, medical issues, and psychological effects that society suffers after a disaster. In addition, she wrote as a second effect the economic impact which is represented by weakening economic due to the necessity to pay a lot of money to rebuild the city. For example, Miyagi, a province of Mutsu, was affected economically by almost 300,000 billion dollars after earthquakes hit it. Finally, she focused on the environmental impacts over the landscape. In addition, Hind explain through some example how soil, water and air pollution are generated after a earthquake. At the end, she concludes that these three main points are the most important consequences that affect people after a catastrophe.


Critical Commentary


I think that Hind´s essay is well organized. At first, she wrote a well developed introduction with a clear thesis statement. Also, she has good dominance about the use of linking words. In addition, Hind provided a good text citations in almost all the work. Furthermore, the paragraphs show a coherent and cohesive structure. Giving enough supporting details throught clear examples easy of understand.

One insignificant mistake I found is the use of capital letter after a comma in this sentence "First, Loss of human life".

Similarly, in this sentence the unnecessary use of capital letter in the word earthquakes "by varying degrees of shaking Earthquakes that may be occurring"

Another mistake that I found is the incorrect place of the apostrophe in this sentence " For example, in Japan, many experts' survivors "

To conclude, there are no important errors. In other words, I think that you made a good work!